What does "online notarization" refer to?

The term "online notarization" specifically refers to a notarial act that is carried out using audio-video technology. This process allows a notary public and the signer to interact in real-time over a secure video connection, facilitating the notarization of documents without the need for physical presence. This method enhances convenience and accessibility, especially for individuals who may be unable to meet in person.

In contrast, the other options describe scenarios that do not align with the concept of online notarization. For example, a notarial act performed in person requires the physical presence of both the notary and the signer, which is not applicable to online notarization. Similarly, conducting a notarial act via email does not involve the necessary audio-video interaction to establish identity and witness signature, which is a critical component of online notarization. Lastly, an act requiring physical presence contradicts the essence of online notarization, which is designed to eliminate the necessity for both parties to be physically together.